Obesity management from the perspectives of people living with obesity in Canada: A mixed-methods study.

AIMS: To identify and better understand themes related to why people living with obesity (PwO) in Canada may not use professional support and to explore potential strategies to address the challenges. METHODS: One-on-one interviews and online surveys, informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework, were conducted. A total of 20 PwO were interviewed and a separate group of 200 PwO were surveyed. Results from the interviews guided the development of the survey. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to investigate the association between the theme domain scores of the PwO and their prior experience with obesity management strategies. RESULTS: The 200 PwO surveyed provided representation across Canada and were diverse in age, background and gender. The most prominent domains associated with use of professional support by PwO were: Intention (rs = -0.25; p < 0.01); Social/Professional Role and Identity (rs = -0.15; p < 0.05); and Optimism (rs = -0.15; p < 0.05). For example, PwO without professional support less often reported being transparent in obesity discussions, perceived obesity to be part of their identity, and expected to manage the illness long term. Many PwO hesitated to use various adjunctive therapies due to concerns about affordability, long-term effectiveness, and side effects. CONCLUSION: This study identified contextual, perception and resource considerations that contribute to healthcare decision-making and the use by PwO of professional support to manage obesity, and highlighted key areas to target with interventions to facilitate obesity management. Strategies such as consistent access to healthcare support and educational resources, as well as improved financial support may help PwO to feel more comfortable with exploring new strategies and take control of their healthcare.

Using the lens of trauma informed care to inform pediatric obesity management.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Summarize the evolution of the trauma-informed care (TIC) approach in pediatrics, highlight the importance of using this lens in pediatric obesity management and treating the whole patient and family, and suggest recommendations for providers to incorporate TIC into their practice. RECENT FINDINGS: Implementing TIC in pediatric obesity management is recommended and offers an approach to address trauma-related symptoms associated with obesity. The TIC framework creates a safe, nurturing space to have open conversations with patients and families to promote resilience and reduce stigma related to obesity without re-traumatization. Screening tools may expose symptoms related to trauma, but are limited. Provider training is available and development of TIC related skills may be improved through using the arts and humanities. Success of TIC requires a tailored, integrated healthcare system approach with commitment from all levels. SUMMARY: The TIC approach offers providers skills to uncover trauma-related symptoms and address obesity-related health disparities while reducing stigma. Collaboration across all levels of the healthcare system and community partners is essential. Further research is warranted on the effectives of this approach in pediatric obesity prevention and management.

Marco de acción para formular y aplicar políticas de compras y servicios de alimentos en el sector pública para promover una alimentación saludable

En este marco de acción se presenta a grandes rasgos la manera de formular (o fortalecer) y aplicar una política pública de compras y servicios de alimentos saludables, así como de evaluar su cumplimiento y eficacia. Este documento ha sido concebido para ser utilizado por las instancias normativas gubernamentales o los gerentes de programas que se ocupan de las compras o los servicios de alimentos en el sector público, ya sea a nivel nacional o subnacional, incluso a nivel regional, provincial y municipal. Los gobiernos pueden adaptar este marco de acción para determinar un alcance viable de la política que se adapte a sus necesidades y al contexto local. El documento contiene ejemplos de países que han formulado y ejecutado políticas públicas para las compras y los servicios de alimentos saludables. En él se propone un conjunto de pasos clave de política, divididos en cuatro secciones que se fundamentan en el ciclo de formulación de políticas: Sección 1: Preparación de la política, en la que se describen los pasos clave que deben seguirse con antelación a la formulación o la revisión de una política pública de compras y servicios de alimentos saludables. Sección 2: Formulación de la política, en la que se describen los pasos clave del proceso de elaboración de la política, particularmente el proceso de definición del propósito, el alcance, los criterios de nutrición y otros criterios que se incluirán en la política. Sección 3: Aplicación de la política, en la que se examinan los pasos clave para facilitar y garantizar la plena incorporación de la política, y se destaca que es fundamental contar con una estrategia de aplicación claramente definida para el éxito de la política. Sección 4: Seguimiento, cumplimiento y evaluación, en la que se brinda orientación sobre el proceso de seguimiento y cumplimiento de la política, así como de evaluación para determinar si se la está aplicando de manera eficaz.

Carteira de serviços da atenção primária à saúde: com recorte no cuidado do sobrepeso e obesidade dos municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul versão estadual / Portfolio of Primary Health Care Services: with Cut in the Care of Overweight and Obesity of the Municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul state version

A obesidade severa, representa um desafio significativo para a saúde pública, demandando ações coordenadas e eficazes em todos os níveis de atenção à saúde (BRASIL, 2022). Nesse sentido o mapeamento das ações, serviços e atividades da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), bem como a estruturação destes serviços são cruciais para uma abordagem integrada, preventiva e eficaz no enfrentamento dessa temática. Os serviços de saúde na APS possuam um enfoque multidimensional, abordando a obesidade não apenas como uma condição individual, mas como um fenômeno multifatorial que requer estratégias integradas de prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e manejo adequado. Ao identificar os serviços existentes e suas respectivas capacidades, a gestão estadual pode direcionar investimentos de forma mais eficaz e estratégica. Além disso, permite a criação de estratégias de fortalecimento, capacitação e integração entre os profissionais da APS, aprimorando o cuidado prestado aos indivíduos com obesidade e otimizando a utilização dos recursos públicos disponíveis. O inquérito foi elaborado em cinco blocos, referente as seguintes dimensões: Saúde da criança e do adolescente, saúde da pessoa adulta e idoso, procedimentos da APS, atenção e cuidado à saúde bucal e infraestrutura.

Decision-making in the management of obesity: a scoping review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: This scoping review will evaluate the current published literature on decision-making in obesity management. INTRODUCTION: Obesity is increasing in incidence worldwide. Although indications have been established for a variety of available treatment modalities, treatment selection must also factor in patient preferences, clinician expertise, and resource availability. Such considerations are crucial given the exponential expansion of new surgical techniques and pharmacologic options in the last decade. Although literature exists for decision-making on various obesity management topics, there are no scoping reviews systematically mapping the literature. This scoping review is timely given that the treatment of obesity has evolved into a multidisciplinary endeavor with myriad management decisions that both patients and clinicians must navigate. INCLUSION CRITERIA: The review will consider for inclusion full-text primary studies, published in English from the year 2000 onwards, pertaining to decision-making in obesity management for health care providers involved in obesity management for patients aged ≥18 years. METHODS: This scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. Embase (Elsevier), MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science (Clarivate), CINAHL Complete (EBSCO), PsycINFO (EBSCO), and Cochrane Central (Wiley) will be systematically searched using a predefined strategy. Two independent reviewers will conduct a 3-tiered screen of identified articles, with a third reviewer resolving disputes. Data extraction will be performed using a predefined, yet flexible form. Descriptive summaries and mapping will be provided for included studies. Available evidence and knowledge gaps will be identified and summarized as they relate to specific concepts, populations, and contexts in obesity management decision-making.

Estimación del gasto energético y tiempo dedicado a la actividad física en escolares costarricenses con sobrepeso u obesidad por medio del acelerómetro Actiheart / Energy expenditure and time spent on physical activity in Costa Rican schoolchildren with overweight or obesity by means of the Actiheart accelerometer

Resumen Objetivo: determinar el gasto energético y el tiempo dedicado a actividad física en condición de vida libre de escolares costarricenses con sobrepeso u obesidad. Metodología: participaron 31 niños y 13 niñas entre 6 y 9 años (7.6 ± 1.03 años) con sobrepeso u obesidad, estado nutricional que se estableció según el IMC. Las variables del estudio fueron la antropometría, el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC), el gasto energético total producto de la actividad física a lo largo del día (GEAF total diario), el gasto energético por actividad física (GEAF) y el tiempo dedicado a la actividad física (TAF), las dos últimas se estimaron según condición sedentaria, ligera, moderada o vigorosa, por medio del acelerómetro Actiheart. Resultados: la talla y el %GC fueron significativamente mayores en las niñas (126.8 ± 5.9 cm, 34.0 ± 6.4 %GC) que en los niños (123.0 ± 5.4 cm, 25.2 ± 6.9 %GC). Los niños registraron un GEAF total diario de 824 ± 228.1 kcal/day, GEAF moderada + vigorosa de 285.6 ± 131.7 kcal/day y un TAF moderada + vigorosa de 147.0 ± 66.6 min, valores superiores (p<0.05) a los de las niñas 395 ± 144.4 kcal/day, 139.6 ± 90.1 kcal/day y 75.6 ± 43.2 min, respectivamente. Conclusiones: los escolares cumplen más de los 60 min/día recomendados de TAF de moderada a vigorosa intensidad, sin embargo, el GEAF de moderada a vigorosa intensidad no alcanza el mínimo de 300 kcal/día para la reducción de peso, lo cual podría ser una de las causas del sobrepeso.

Abstract Objective: To determine the energy expenditure and time spent on physical activities in Costa Rican overweight or obese schoolchildren in free-living conditions. Methodology: Participants were 31 boys and 13 girls aged 6 to 9 years old (7.6 ± 1.03 years) with overweight or obesity; nutritional status was established by BMI. The variables of the study were: anthropometric, body fat percentage (%BF), total energy expenditure product of physical activity performed during the day (EEPA daily total), plus the energy expenditure by physical activity (EEPA), and time spent on physical activity (TPA), both variables in sedentary condition, light, moderate and vigorous intensity estimated by the Actiheart accelerometer. Results: Size and %BF were significantly higher in girls (126.8 ± 5.9 cm, 34.0 ± 6.4% BF) than in boys (123.0 ± 5.4 cm, 25.2 ± 6.9% BF). Boys recorded a daily total EEPA of 824 ± 228.1 kcal / day, moderate + vigorous EEPA 285.6 ± 131.7 kcal / day and a moderate + vigorous TPA 147.0 ± 66.6 min; significantly higher (P <0.05) than girls 395 ± 144.4 kcal / day, 139.6 ± 90.1 kcal / day and 75.6 ± 43.2 min respectively . Conclusions: Schoolchildren perform over 60 min/day moderate to vigorous intensity PA recommended, however; the EEPA moderate to vigorous intensity does not meet the minimum recommendation of 300 kcal / day for weight reduction. This could be one of the causes for overweight schoolchildren.

The daily Self-Weighing for Obesity Management in Primary Care Study: Rationale, design and methodology.

Background Daily self-weighing (DSW) may be an effective harm-reduction intervention to disrupt continued weight gain. Self-Weighing for Obesity Management in Primary Care (SWOP) is a 24-month randomized controlled trial in 400 adults with obesity (BMI: kg/m2 ≥ 30) receiving primary care through a clinical network affiliated with an academic medical center. Objective To test DSW as a potentially scalable way to deter age-related weight gain among primary care patients with obesity. Methods Randomized-controlled trial with two conditions: DSW (instruction to weigh daily and provision of a web-enabled digital scale with graphical weight feedback) or Standard Care (receive a monetary gift card equivalent to value of the scale). Both groups receive standardized weight management educational material. SWOP will test the causal effect of assignment to DSW (Aim 1) and adherence to DSW (Aim 2) on weight (primary outcome) and adoption of weight management practices (secondary outcomes), as well as evaluate the cost-effectiveness of DSW compared to standard care (Aim 3). Findings may inform clinical guidelines for weight management by providing evidence that DSW attenuates continued age-related weight gain among adults with obesity. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04044794).

Pensamiento filosófico médico sobre la obesidad / Medical philosophical rational on obesity

Introducción: La ciencia y la tecnología son importantes para el progreso histórico con sus consecuencias inevitables para el desarrollo social. Uno de los componentes de la ciencia y la tecnología que sigue la misma ley y se desarrolla de manera proporcional al desarrollo de la sociedad son las ciencias médicas. Su función es proteger, cuidar, desarrollar y mejorar los recursos y la calidad de la fuerza laboral, y promover el desarrollo social. Por lo tanto, es una condición necesaria que influye directamente en la reproducción humana y garantiza el desarrollo económico y social. Los servicios médicos socialistas son servicios productivos y de bienestar, que mejoran la fuerza física y la inteligencia, además crean condiciones favorables para el desarrollo social y económico e interactúan con la sociedad. Objetivo: Demostrar la influencia de los avances de la ciencia y la tecnología en la salud humana y la atención primaria y describir la importancia de concebir al hombre como un ser biopsicosocial en la atención primaria de salud y la prevención de obesidad. Métodos: Se realiza un estudio de revisión a través de las referencias bibliográficas actualizadas sobre el tema. Desarrollo: China también ha propuesto pautas específicas para la prevención de la obesidad, pero los resultados son pobres. Por un lado, esto está relacionado con la gran tasa de población del país, y por otro, con el lento desarrollo de la atención médica primaria y la falta de concientización sobre la importancia de prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad como estrategia de trabajo. Conclusiones: Los profesionales de la salud deben crear estrategias adaptadas a las condiciones locales, de forma tal que perciban una buena atmósfera para controlar el peso. Esto aumentara la conciencia de la sociedad, respecto al problema de la obesidad(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Science and technology are important for historical progress with its inevitable consequences for social development. One of the components of science and technology that follows the same law and advances in proportion to the development of society are the medical sciences. Its function is to protect, to care for, to develop and to improve the resources and quality of the workforce, and to promote social development. Therefore, it is a necessary condition that directly influences human reproduction and guarantees economic and social development. Socialist medical services are productive and welfare services, which improve physical strength and intelligence, also create favorable conditions for social and economic development and interact with society. Objective: To prove the influence of advances in science and technology on human health and primary care and describe the importance of conceiving man as a biopsychosocial being in primary health care and obesity prevention. Methods: A review study is carried out through updated bibliographic references on the subject. Findings: China has also proposed specific guidelines for obesity prevention, but the results are poor. On the one hand, this is related to the high population rate in the country, and on the other, to the slow development of primary medical care and the lack of awareness of the importance of preventing overweight and obesity as a work strategy. Conclusions: Health professionals must create strategies adapted to local conditions, in such a way that they perceive good atmosphere to control weight. This will increase the awareness of society(AU) regarding the obesity problem.

Perceptions, Attitudes, and Barriers to Obesity Care in Mexico: Data From the ACTION-IO Study.

OBJECTIVE: The Awareness, Care, and Treatment in Obesity Management-International Observation (ACTION-IO) study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03584191) aimed to identify perceptions, attitudes, behaviors, and barriers to effective obesity care in people with obesity (PwO) and health care professionals (HCPs). This study presents the results from Mexico. METHODS: An online survey was conducted. In Mexico, eligible PwO were ≥18 years of age with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 based on self-reported height and weight. Eligible HCPs had direct patient care. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 2,000 PwO and 400 HCPs in Mexico. Many PwO (71%) and HCPs (94%) categorized obesity as a chronic disease. Sixty-three percent of PwO felt motivated to lose weight, but many HCPs perceived that PwO were not interested in losing weight (76%) or motivated to lose weight (69%). Lack of financial means to support weight-loss efforts was a barrier for PwO (34%) to discussing weight with HCPs. Sixty-five percent of PwO had discussed weight with HCPs in the past 5 years. PwO (80%) and HCPs (89%) considered lack of exercise as the main barrier to weight loss. Few PwO (34%) had successfully lost ≥5% of their body mass over the past 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: This ACTION-IO study in Mexico identified discrepancies in the perceptions of PwO and HCPs, highlighting opportunities for further education and patient-centered approaches.

Managing obesity in adults as a chronic condition.

ABSTRACT: Despite extensive evidence-based guidelines, clinicians still face many barriers to reducing the incidence of obesity. Recognizing that obesity is a chronic disease will allow clinicians to properly treat patients and bill for reimbursement. With enhanced education, knowledge of reimbursement, and a push for legislation, physician assistants can pave the way to reducing rates of obesity in adults.

Sharing the 'weight' of obesity management in primary care: integration of registered dietitian nutritionists to provide intensive behavioural therapy for obesity for Medicare patients.

BACKGROUND: Clinical provision of intensive behavioral therapy for obesity (IBTO) has been a reimbursable treatment for obesity since 2012. However, gaps remain in the literature regarding its impact on patient outcomes. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to examine the integration of registered dietitian nutritionist provided IBTO into a primary care setting and evaluate clinic outcomes for Medicare Part B beneficiaries. A secondary objective was to examine intensity of IBTO (quantity of IBTO visits) versus clinical outcomes and influence of socioeconomic factors. METHODS: A case-control retrospective chart review was conducted at a rural, Academic Family Medicine Clinic in Eastern North Carolina for patients seen between 1 January 2016 and 1 January 2019. In order to be included in the treatment group, patients had to be female, white or black race, have Medicare insurance and a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2. RESULTS: Mixed model analysis showed statistically significant improvements in clinical outcomes from IBTO treatment. Weight decreased by nearly 3 pounds, while body mass index was half a point lower. A1C was 0.1 units lower for IBTO patients, and they took prescription medication and average of 6 days less than the control group. Minorities and older respondents experienced smaller, all else constant, and annual fixed effects suggest that differentials widen over time. CONCLUSIONS: Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) provision of IBTO has demonstrated benefit in improving clinical outcomes including weight, A1C, and reduced medication duration (use) as demonstrated by the IBTO treatment group versus control. IBTO intensity was not predictive of success, and its impact was reduced with older and African American patients. IBTO is beneficial and can be delivered within the primary care setting by a RDN.

A study using semi-structured interview and Delphi survey to explore the barriers and enabling factors that influence access and utilisation of weight management services for people living with morbid obesity: A patient and professional perspective.

BACKGROUND: A quarter of the United Kingdom's population are living with obesity, a disease that causes an estimated 30 000 deaths each year. This coincides with an under-utilisation of weight management services across the country with the majority of patients with morbid obesity having no record of any weight loss intervention at all. This study explores the factors that influence patient access to weight management services. METHODOLOGY: Expert opinion was obtained using semi-structured interviews and the Delphi methodology. Participants were selected from primary and secondary healthcare settings. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) had experience working in weight management services or in services dealing with obesity-related comorbidities. Patients had experience in attending a variety weight management services. RESULTS: Nineteen participants completed all aspects of the study. The main barriers included negative perceptions, low mood/depression, obesity not being considered as a serious disease, lack of access to services for housebound patients and disproportionate commissioning. Suggested facilitating factors to improve access included the education of all HCPs about obesity, improving HCP communication with patients, and broadening the number of HCP's that are able to refer to weight management services. CONCLUSIONS: Future services must prioritise the education of all HCPs and the public to combat the stigma of obesity and its impact on health. National commissioning guidelines in partnership with advocates of obesity should seek to streamline referral pathways, broaden referral sources and increase the availability of specialist services. Awareness of these factors when designing future weight management services will help to improve their utilisation.

Developing Integrated Clinical Pathways for the Management of Clinically Severe Adult Obesity: a Critique of NHS England Policy.

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Pathways for obesity prevention and treatment are well documented, yet the prevalence of obesity is rising, and access to treatment (including bariatric surgery) is limited. This review seeks to assess the current integrated clinical pathway for obesity management in England and determine the major challenges. RECENT FINDINGS: Evidence for tier 2 (community-based lifestyle intervention) and tier 3 (specialist weight management services) is limited, and how it facilitates care and improve outcomes in tier 4 remains uncertain. Treatment access, rigidity in pathways, uncertain treatment outcomes and weight stigma seems to be major barriers to improved care. More emphasis must be placed on access to effective treatments, treatment flexibility, addressing stigma and ensuring treatment efficacy including long-term health outcomes. Prevention and treatment should both receive significant focus though should be considered to be largely separate pathways. A simplified system for weight management is needed to allow flexibility and the delivery of personalized care including post-bariatric surgery care for those who need it.

Cost-Effectiveness of an Obesity Management Program for 6- to 15-Year-Old Children in Poland: Data from Over Three Thousand Participants.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and overweight, including childhood obesity and overweight, pose a public health challenge worldwide. According to the available research findings, long-term interventions focusing on dietary behavior, physical activity, and psychological support are the most effective in reducing obesity in children aged 6-18 years. There are limited studies showing the financial effectiveness of such interventions. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate cost-effectiveness of the 6-10-14 for Health weight management program using pharmacoeconomic indicators, i.e., cost-effectiveness analysis using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. METHODS: We used anthropometric data of 3,081 children included in a 1-year-long intervention with a full financial cost assessment. RESULTS: The cost of removing a child from the overweight group (BMI >85th percentile) was PLN 27,758 (EUR 6,463), and the cost of removing a child from the obese group (BMI >95th percentile) was slightly lower, i.e., PLN 23,601 (EUR 5,495). Given the obesity-related medical costs calculated in the life-long perspective, these results can be considered encouraging. At the same time, when comparing the total costs per participant with the costs of other interventions, it can be noted that they are similar to the costs of school programs containing more than 1 type of intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The 6-10-14 for Health program can be considered cost-effective. As a result of committing financial resources in the approximate amount of EUR 1,790 per child, around half of the children participating in the program have improved their weight indicators.

Type 2 diabetes remission: 2 year within-trial and lifetime-horizon cost-effectiveness of the Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT)/Counterweight-Plus weight management programme.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Approximately 10% of total healthcare budgets worldwide are spent on treating diabetes and its complications, and budgets are increasing globally because of ageing populations and more expensive second-line medications. The aims of the study were to estimate the within-trial and lifetime cost-effectiveness of the weight management programme, which achieved 46% remissions of type 2 diabetes at year 1 and 36% at year 2 in the Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT). METHODS: Within-trial analysis assessed costs of the Counterweight-Plus intervention in DiRECT (including training, programme materials, practitioner appointments and low-energy diet), along with glucose-lowering and antihypertensive medications, and all routine healthcare contacts. Lifetime cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) was estimated according to projected durations of remissions, assuming continued relapse rates as seen in year 2 of DiRECT and consequent life expectancy, quality of life and healthcare costs. RESULTS: Mean total 2 year healthcare costs for the intervention and control groups were £3036 and £2420, respectively: an incremental cost of £616 (95% CI -£45, £1269). Intervention costs (£1411; 95% CI £1308, £1511) were partially offset by lower other healthcare costs (£796; 95% CI £150, £1465), including reduced oral glucose-lowering medications by £231 (95% CI £148, £314). Net remission at 2 years was 32.3% (95% CI 23.5%, 40.3%), and cost per remission achieved was £1907 (lower 95% CI: intervention dominates; upper 95% CI: £4212). Over a lifetime horizon, the intervention was modelled to achieve a mean 0.06 (95% CI 0.04, 0.09) QALY gain for the DiRECT population and mean total lifetime cost savings per participant of £1337 (95% CI £674, £2081), with the intervention becoming cost-saving within 6 years. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Incorporating the lifetime healthcare cost savings due to periods of remission from diabetes and its complications, the DiRECT intervention is predicted to be both more effective (QALY gain) and cost-saving in adults with type 2 diabetes compared with standard care. This conclusion appears robust to various less favourable model scenarios, providing strong evidence that resources could be shifted cost-effectively to support achieving remissions with the DiRECT intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN03267836 Graphical abstract.

Informe diário de evidências COVID-19: busca realizada em 27 de abril de 2020 / COVID-19 daily evidence report: search conducted on April 27, 2020

Essa é uma produção do Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia (Decit) da Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde (SCTIE) do Ministério da Saúde (Decit/SCTIE/MS), que tem como missão promover a ciência e tecnologia e o uso de evidências científicas para a tomada de decisão do SUS, tendo como principal atribuição o incentivo ao desenvolvimento de pesquisas em saúde no Brasil, de modo a direcionar os investimentos realizados em pesquisa pelo Governo Federal às necessidades de saúde pública. Informar sobre as principais evidências científicas descritas na literatura internacional sobre tratamento farmacológico para a COVID-19. Além de resumir cada estudo identificado, o informe apresenta também uma avaliação da qualidade metodológica e a quantidade de artigos publicados, de acordo com a sua classificação metodológica (revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados, entre outros). Foram encontrados 9 artigos.